CCMA disputes 101: what candidates and employers should expect

The CCMA is where most individual labour disputes in South Africa are resolved. This is general information, not legal advice.

Step 1 — Referral Either party refers the dispute to the CCMA, usually within 30 days of the incident (dismissal disputes) or a longer period for other types of disputes.

Step 2 — Conciliation A CCMA commissioner tries to help both sides reach a settlement. Most disputes are resolved at this stage.

Step 3 — Arbitration If conciliation fails, the dispute may proceed to arbitration, where a commissioner hears evidence from both sides and makes a binding ruling.

What to bring Employment contracts, warning letters, payslips, correspondence, and any other documents relevant to the dispute. Witnesses can also testify.

Timelines matter Missing the referral deadline can mean losing the right to have your case heard, so act promptly if you believe you have a dispute.